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Google (fabric papers & cluster OS)

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Walkthrough

Jupiter Clos (2015 window)

Illustrative multi-stage Clos + centralized configuration themes from Jupiter Rising. Era-labeled — not a 2026 site inventory. See also spine-leaf-clos.

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Server AServer BLeafLeafSpine stage2015-era paperCentral config (era)

Jupiter describes multi-stage Clos fabrics built from commodity switch silicon for warehouse-scale bisection bandwidth. Cross-link Clos oversubscription math on spine-leaf-clos — do not invent post-paper radix.

Walkthrough

B4 WAN traffic engineering (2013)

Paper-era SDN WAN: centralized TE splits application flows across paths between DCs. Espresso is a later peering-edge paper — cite separately.

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DC A (era)TE controllerPrivate WANDC B (era)

B4 connects a modest number of Google datacenter sites with massive bandwidth demand over a private WAN — 2013 publication window.

Walkthrough

Maglev VIP to Borg backends

Illustrative north–south: Maglev-class software LB to backends on Borg-managed workers. Paper lineage — not a live GFE dump. See compute-orchestration.

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VIP hitInternet clientMaglev VIP LBBackendBackendBorg workers

Maglev is a software network load balancer for VIP traffic with consistent-hashing / connection-affinity themes as published (NSDI 2016).